The Principle of Free Cosmos

Outer space and celestial bodies are free for exploration by all States (on a basis of equality and by international law) as well as by all people, private companies, non-governmental organizations, and other interested parties.

Outer space and celestial bodies are not subject to national appropriation by claim of sovereignty, use or occupation, or by any other means

the UN General Assembly Resolution No. 1721 (XVI) “International co-operation in the peaceful uses of outer space”, adopted by the UN GA during its 16th session, 20 Dec. 1961 (the UN GA Resolution 1721)
the UN General Assembly Resolution No. 1802 (XVII) “International co-operation in the peaceful uses of outer space”, adopted by the UN GA during its 17th session at the 1192nd plenary meeting, 14 Dec. 1962 (the UN GA Resolution 1802)
the Declaration of Legal Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, adopted by the UN GA during its 18th session at the 1280th plenary meeting, 13 Dec. 1963, No. 1962 (XVIII)

When describing this principle, the concept of Free Cosmos refers to both passive and active characteristics of such freedom.

At the same time, the passive characteristic of Free Cosmos is its independence and neutrality. That is freedom from any territorial and other claims both from States and individuals. In turn, an active characteristic of Free Cosmos is the possibility of its unhindered visiting and exploration by any individual, including those representing the interests of any State or other community.

Thus, the Cosmos (including outer space and celestial bodies) in this case is the object of this principle, and individuals, States, and other communities are its subjects.

At the same time, it is necessary to say that in 1958-1963 this principle just started to develop leading to many discussions and disputes. Therefore, its formation took place not only based on specific provisions of the Declarations and conclusions in Resolutions but also based on individual statements, proposals, and assumptions of the UN General Assembly.